пятница, мая 20, 2011
Шабат шалом!
Меавода сусим метим
Прикладная анторпология
среда, мая 18, 2011
Stupidity, after all
Heroism, is, after all, an ideal matter. The problem of mental illness, since Kierkegaard and through Scheler, Hocking, Jung, Fromm, and many others, has been inseparable from the problem of idolatry. In what cosmology is one going to perform his heroics? If – as we have argued – even the strongest person has to exercise his Agape motive, has to lay the burden of his life somewhere beyond him, then we are brought once again to the great questions: What is the highest reality, the true ideal, the really great adventure? What kind of heroism is called for, in what kind of drama, submission to what kind of god? The religious geniuses of history have argued that to be really submissive means to be submissive to the highest power, the true infinity and absolute – and not to any human substitutes, lovers, leaders, nation-states.
From this point of view the problem of mental illness is one of not knowing what kind of heroics one is practising or not being able – once one does know – to broaden one’s heroics from their crippling narrowness. Paradoxical as it may sound, mental illness is thus a matter of weakness and stupidity. It reflects ignorance about how one is going about satisfying his twin ontological motives. The desire to affirm oneself and to yield oneself are, after all, very neutral: we can choose any path for them, any object, any level of heroics. The suffering and the evil that stems from these motives are not a consequence of the nature of the motives themselves, but of our stupidity about satisfying them. This is the deeper meaning of one of Rank’s insights, which otherwise would seem flippant. In a letter of 1937 he wrote:
Suddenly … while I was resting in bed it occured to me what really was (or is) “Beyond Psychology.” You know what? Stupidity! All that complicated and elaborated explanation of human behavior is nothing but an attempt to give a meaning to one of the most powerful motives of behavior, namely stupidity! I began to think that it is even more powerful than badness, meanness – because many actions or reactions that appear mean are simply stupid and even calling them bad is a justification.
E. Becker, p. 251
вторник, мая 17, 2011
Failed Heroics
One very interesting and consistent conclusion emerges from our overview of mental illness: that Adler was right to say that the mentally ill all have a basic problem of courage. They cannot assume responsibility for their own independent lives; they are hyperfearful of life and death. From this vantage point the theory of mental illness is really a general theory of the failures of death-transcendence. The avoidance of life and the terror of death become enmeshed in the personality to such an extent that it is crippled – unable to exercise the “normal cultural heroism” of other members of the society. The result is that the person cannot permit himself the routine heroic self-expansion nor the easy yielding to the superordinate cultural world-view that other members can. This is why he becomes a burden on others in some way. Mental illness, then, is also a way of talking about those people who burden others with their hyperfears of life and death, their own failed heroics.
E. Becker, p.248
понедельник, мая 16, 2011
Given by Hidden
We have long known, from sociology and the writings of Simmel, how important the secret is for man. The secret ritual, the secret club, the secret formula – these create a new reality for man, a way of transcending and transforming the everyday world of nature, giving it dimensions it would not otherwise possess and controlling it in arcane ways. The secret implies, above all, power to control the given by the hidden and thus power to transcend the given – nature, fate, animal destiny. Or, as Greenacre put it,”… the secret relates at its most primitive level to body organs and processes … it contains more fundamentally the struggle with the fear of death …”
The secret, in other words, is man’s illusion par excellence, the denial of the bodily reality of his destiny. No wonder man has always been in search of fountains of youth, holy grails, buried treasures – some kind of omnipotent power that would instantly reverse his fate and change the natural order of things.
E. Becker, p.237